M\u00d4 T\u1ea2 CHUNG V\u1ec0 T\u01af DUY S\u00c1NG T\u1ea0O<\/p>\n
T\u01b0 duy (Suy ngh\u0129) th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00f3m t\u1eaft v\u00e0 l\u00e0m trung gian, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n
Suy ngh\u0129 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i theo c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m, li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. N\u00f3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y, th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1edfi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan.<\/p>\n
T\u01b0 duy kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng suy ngh\u0129 sau:<\/p>\n
– ph\u00e2n t\u00edch (ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch trong suy ngh\u0129 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n, ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1i t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3);<\/p>\n
– t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p (th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong suy ngh\u0129 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 duy nh\u1ea5t);<\/p>\n
– so s\u00e1nh (thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang);<\/p>\n
– kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a (th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong suy ngh\u0129 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a).
\nNh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng suy ngh\u0129 n\u00e0y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
Suy ngh\u0129 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 suy ng\u1eabm l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee7 quan trong \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. C\u00f3 hai qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhau \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y: t\u01b0 duy s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t (MV. Gamezo, I.A. Domashenko, M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 t\u00e2m l\u00fd).<\/p>\n
V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi:
\n– s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i;
\n– t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i;
\n– nhi\u1ec1u phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n
C\u00f3 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp cho tr\u1ebb m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n
T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 sau c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t:<\/p>\n
+ S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/p>\n
M\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c. Trong s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong mu\u1ed1n, m\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau sau \u0111\u00e2y cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n: ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ec9 ra b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o (ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1) t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n
+ S\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n
L\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o: x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n
Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau sau \u0111\u00e2y cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh:<\/p>\n
– l\u00e0m cho tr\u1ebb quen v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o (m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi);<\/p>\n
– h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o;
\n– t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh trong \u0111\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n
+ H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a th\u00f4ng tin<\/p>\n
M\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, nh\u1eb1m so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n
Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau sau \u0111\u00e2y cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh:
\n– h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u1edf tr\u1ebb c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng;
\n– ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng;
\n– ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ed nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t;
\n– m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n
+ Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin<\/p>\n
Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh theo nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i cho m\u00ecnh, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn.<\/p>\n
Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau sau \u0111\u00e2y cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh:<\/p>\n
– h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u1edf tr\u1ebb em kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i;<\/p>\n
– t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n
+ T\u00e0i nguy\u00ean (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “ngu\u1ed3n d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef”) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh
\nT\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n
X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean th\u1eddi gian, v.v. Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n
Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau sau \u0111\u00e2y cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh:<\/p>\n
– h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u1edf tr\u1ebb em kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong khung c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3;<\/p>\n
– t\u1ea1o ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng;
\n– d\u1ea1y k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n
+ M\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/p>\n
M\u00e2u thu\u1eabn l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hai \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn.<\/p>\n
Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau sau \u0111\u00e2y cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh:<\/p>\n
– d\u1ea1y c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn;<\/p>\n
– l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn;<\/p>\n
– kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u00edch l\u0169y.<\/p>\n
+ Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u<\/p>\n
M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n: m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh-s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh-h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh-h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, v.v.<\/p>\n
Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau sau \u0111\u00e2y cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh:
\n– h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u1edf tr\u1ebb em c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a v\u00e0 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a;<\/p>\n
– l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00f4 tri (kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn sinh v\u1eadt); t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng;<\/p>\n
– d\u1ea1y cho tr\u1ebb em c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n
+ S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ng\u1eabm<\/p>\n
S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ng\u1eabm l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ng\u1eabm cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n
Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau sau \u0111\u00e2y cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh:
\n– d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng suy ngh\u0129 khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o;
\n– ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1.<\/p>\n
+ Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t “tr\u01b0\u1eddng” v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi<\/p>\n
Vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft; \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi trong gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p v\u00e0, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n
Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau sau \u0111\u00e2y cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh:
\n– h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u1edf tr\u1ebb kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o;<\/p>\n
– T\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 trau d\u1ed3i \u1edf tr\u1ebb m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o mong mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n
Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 ra trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.
\nTRIZ trong s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra quy tr\u00ecnh cho ph\u00e9p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y tr\u1ebb l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Khi gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng suy ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p t\u00ecm ra gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1i \u01b0u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o th\u00eam c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u01b0 th\u1eeba kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n
M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch:<\/p>\n
+ v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1. “S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh suy ngh\u0129 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 chia \u0111\u00f4i”);<\/p>\n
+ c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u00ean l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2. H\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1edf tr\u1ebb m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o);<\/p>\n
+ v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3. H\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n
M\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ri\u00eang c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft n\u00f3.<\/p>\n
Ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i di\u0323ch chi\u0301nh: Nguy\u00ea\u0303n Tha\u0300nh Ti\u00ea\u0301n<\/p>\n
Ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Anh \u2013 Vi\u1ec7t<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Ph\u1ea7n 2 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N T\u01af DUY \u1ede TR\u1eba M\u1eaaU GI\u00c1O M\u00d4 T\u1ea2 CHUNG V\u1ec0 T\u01af DUY S\u00c1NG T\u1ea0O T\u01b0 duy (Suy ngh\u0129) th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00f3m t\u1eaft v\u00e0 l\u00e0m trung gian, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c li\u00ean … Continue reading “D\u1ecbch s\u00e1ch Thoughtivity for Kids, ph\u1ea7n 2: Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 duy (trang 53-56)”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true},"categories":[128,30,129],"tags":[],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paxfGB-5Y","jetpack_likes_enabled":false,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/triz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/370"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/triz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/triz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/triz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/triz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=370"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/triz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/370\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":376,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/triz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/370\/revisions\/376"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/triz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=370"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/triz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=370"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/triz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=370"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}